Vulnerability and Physical Therapy

Deep snow shoveled path with footprints

During Spokane’s multiple snowpocolypses I had to do a bunch of snow shoveling. The past few years, I have ceded snow maintenance to my partner almost completely. Exercise is a major MCAS trigger for me. But more than that, ice and snow are particularly challenging for my unstable, hypermobile joints. My last severe knee subluxation happened when I slipped on ice. I now suspect I also subluxed my hip during that injury. The hip hurt a lot at the time, enough that urgent care x-rayed it, but there was no obvious damage so the orthopedist dropped it. I’m doing a bit better physically and my partner’s job has become extremely demanding (she’s the boss!), leaving her little time for shoveling. So, I’ve been doing more this winter.

Oh dear, is it grueling! I know that shoveling is hard on the non-disabled, too. After my first round of snow shoveling, I had pretty intense back pain. I talked with my physical therapist who recommended I get a sleigh shovel that allows you to push the snow rather than lift it. WOW! That was a game changer for me! It took some practice and creativity, but I managed to figure out how to use it to maximum benefit. I also use snow cleats for my shoes to prevent slips that could lead to subluxation/dislocation.

Unfortunately, I can’t use the sleigh shovel for tight spaces, so I had to do a bit of shoveling with the traditional shovel during our back-to-back snow storms this past week. That triggered another flare, including migraine and hip pain. I was even worried I had torn something in my hip, the discomfort was so intense. But rather than worry on it, I decided to consult again with my PT.

I recently had to switch PTs because my previous therapist went into pediatric practice. But, I was extremely luck to be able to find another physical therapist with good knowledge of EDS. EDSers can’t really be too choosy about our providers because there just aren’t many who have the expertise. I am now seeing a man. I tend to prefer to see women for a variety of reasons, but I don’t have that choice right now. And, I like this particular man. He is knowledgeable and he has already helped me through a couple of pain flares.

Still, regardless of whether or not I like a physical therapist, the relationship requires a certain amount of vulnerability on my part. And, in our society that kind of vulnerability is shaped by gendered/racialized power dynamics and fatphobia. This struck me as my PT was working on my hip and touching me in my groin area as well as pressing on the muscles in my abdomen. This is a very vulnerable position to be in, both as a survivor and as a fat person. This healing touch could so easily shift into violating touch. In my case, my PT showed me on a model how and where he was going to touch me before initiating that touch–in other words, he negotiated consent. In a previous session, when working on my ribs below my breast, he positioned my own hand over my breast and exerted pressure using my hand. He is clearly well trained about consent and doing PT techniques in areas of the body that are sensitive. As a fat person, I found myself feeling vulnerable about having my by belly fat touched, too. I try to stay clinical, but it is hard not to feel some worry that the person doing the touching will find it either difficult or repulsive to touch my belly fat. The point I’m trying to make is that getting the treatments I need comes with a certain amount of risk, both social and physical.

As a fat zebra, I have some extra challenges in finding good providers. Not only do I have to find a provider who knows about EDS, but I have to find one who will not find my body repulsive or assume I will be lazy/non-compliant. I’ve been fairly lucky in that regard. In the past seven years I’ve seen four physical therapists and two different chiropractors. Only one of the physical therapists seem to have palpable disgust for my body. She was able to help me, despite that, but it required me to put aside the feeling of shame that inevitably emerges when someone finds your body disgusting.

I compartmentalized that shame because I needed the physical therapist’s help. When I returned to my orthopedic surgeon to be re-evaluated he was obviously surprised by my progress and said, “Well, you’ve obviously been compliant.” If I had chosen to stop seeing that PT because of her attitude toward my body, the doctor might have interpreted the delay in my progress as a lack of “compliance” on my part. [I’ll have to write another post about the language of “compliance” in medicine”] Because zebras tend to be high utilizers when it comes to PT, fat zebras bear the burden of finding ways to cope with medical bias. It should be the providers’ responsibility to deliver shame-free care. But as it stands, we risk doctors refusing to treat us, or worse, disbelieving our pain and attributing it to conversion disorder, if we don’t make ourselves vulnerable to bias and shaming in the physical therapy setting.

In a future post, I’ll write a little more about trauma, fatness, and chronic illness. But for now, I’d like to point out that many folks who have experienced violence against their bodies may have a particularly difficult time placing themselves in such a vulnerable position in physical therapy or other medical settings. For my part, I was able to do it for so long because I had so effectively dissociated from my trauma. In fact, I remember very actively choosing to “leave my body” during PT sessions, particularly with the woman I described above. Once I developed different coping mechanisms (through extensive therapy), I have been better able to stay aware of my body’s trauma responses while receiving medical care. Some survivors may not be such fabulous dissociators as I was (a good thing if you ask me). Others don’t have the financial resources to have been able to access such therapy. Both of these things will make PT that much harder to receive.

Let me be a bit expansive here. So far, I’ve focused on the ways fatness and sexual trauma can make us vulnerable in PT settings, but really there are many more ways in which patients can experience vulnerabilty in medical settings. Imagine, for example, how a trans person might experience the scenario I described above in which a PT is doing manual therapy on the groin muscles. Such therapy might require being out with a transphobic therapist. Even if the therapist were trans-affirming, trans folks who experience dysphoria may find touching in that area deeply triggering. Fatphobia, sexism, cis-sexism, ableism, racism, classism, and so many other systems of power shape healthcare and require us to make ourselves vulnerable to stigma, shaming, neglect, and abuse in order to receive the care we need.

Show me a fat zebra, and I’ll show you a trauma survivor. Sometimes that trauma is due to external structural and life factors, other times it is directly related to fatphobic medical abuse and neglect. If you are a fat zebra, and you have the resources, I strongly encourage you to make trauma therapy a part of your treatment plan. The physical and emotional are so deeply intertwined, and in such complicated ways. That is NOT to say that your trauma is the cause of your pain. However, it might be a contributing factor, or even an epigenetic trigger for expression of a pathogenic gene. Trauma therapy can’t unring that epigenetic bell, so to speak. It won’t cure your EDS (or any other chronic illness). But, trauma informed therapy can help you develop coping mechanisms to calm your fight/flight/freeze responses and make you feel less vulnerable when accessing PT, which WILL help your EDS (or other condition). If talk therapy isn’t accessible to you, you may find some free or inexpensive mindfulness resources to work with on your own or with your family/support system.

If you are a healthcare provider or support person, please keep in mind that physical therapy requires vulnerability–social and physical–that some people may not be ready for … may never be ready for. That doesn’t mean they are lazy or “non compliant,” nor does it mean their pain is all in their heads or that they are “attention seeking.” Find ways to support and validate, and if appropriate, encourage trauma-informed interventions to help your loved one modulate her body’s trauma response.

On Social Stigma and Mast Cells

I have been prettying up the blog, and making a facebook page the past couple days. But I am also struggling with being a bit more reactive. I’ve been itchy, rashy, neurologically glitchy, achy, and on the very early edge of migraine. It could be any number of things that triggered my mast cells to start leaking mediators (the chemicals MC’s contain that signal your immune system to activate). Maybe I was doing too much because I was feeling so good at the beginning for the week? Or, maybe it was the new PT exercises? Or, the change in my acetaminophen brand (more/different artificial colors)? Maybe the fact that I have gotten more time in on the recumbent bike this week than I have previously? Or maybe, if I’m being really honest, it might be publishing this blog. Truth be told, it’s probably all of the above overflowing my histamine bucket. But in this post I want to explore how weight-based social stigma and oppression impact Fat Zebra health.

Why would publishing a blog trigger my mast cells? First of all, I continue to be amazed at the things that can trigger mast cell activation! My weirdest ever trigger was the sun (seriously, WTF?!). Luckily that seems to only happen when I’m in a really reactive flare. But this blog? Really? Well, stress is a known MCAS trigger. But writing this blog isn’t that stressful. I’m on sabbatical, on my own timeline, no one is breathing down my neck. I can nap when I want to. So, it’s not that kind of stress I’m talking about, but the stress of social stigma. This is a particularly difficult kind of social stress that all people with chronic illness and disabilities face, but Fat Zebras get our own special kind of social stigma–weight bias and oppression.

Research shows that the stress of social stigma, particularly in relation to social inequality, is terrible for our health. And Fat Zebras are subject to weight bias everywhere we go. Not just in the doctors office, but at our jobs, at school, in grocery stores and restaurants, at the gym, on the street and … online. EVERYwhere. In fact some researchers argue that much of what we think are the negative effects of “obesity” may actually be due to weight stigma.

Fat Zebras have to deal with weight stigma and its intersections with disability, gender, race, and other socially defined identities. For example, many fat people with disabilities report verbal abuse when using disabled parking spots. This is a new fear for me. I recently got a handicap placard to use, particularly in the winter when I am at risk of subluxation due to ice and snow. Of course, it is also helpful for saving spoons, too. But I do worry that onlookers will mistreat me because I don’t “look” disabled … just fat.

Another place Fat Zebras have to deal with weight oppression is during air travel. For me, airplane seats are hard to get into without twisting in dangerous ways for my EDS knees. I always worry about subluxation on the plane. But I also feel pressure to move quickly, which doesn’t leave time to be careful. But, these are Zebra stresses. Fat Zebra stresses look a little different. For example, a few years ago, when sitting in an aisle seat with the arm rest up, a flight attendant intentionally smashed the arm wrest down onto my leg causing bruising and pain rather than just asking me politely to put it down for take off. Lots of fat people experience assaults like this, but because of my EDS and MCAS I bruise more easily and pain can be a trigger for an acute attack due to what’s know as central sensitization.

That same year, on a flight to Hawaii, I was trapped for six hours next to a woman who has having nothing short of a full-blown meltdown about being seated next to a fat person (me). I am privileged by skin tone and gender expression, but I knew without those privileges the situation could have become violent as we have seen in recent years. The flight attendant had my back, brought me free drinks, and was kind. Despite that kindness, it was an inescapable shock which lead to anxiety about flying for me. Again, my privilege rescues me. I got therapy and these days I pay to fly first class tickets. It doesn’t guarantee I won’t be harassed or physically assaulted again, but it does help reduce the risk a bit. And the roomier seats make it a little easier on my joints getting in and out of the seats. Still EVERY time I fly, I struggle with anxiety about how I will be treated. I tend to internalize that stress, so sometimes I’m not even aware that I’m near panic until someone else, like my dear partner, points it out.

Another space in which Fat Zebras experience the stress of social stigma is online. A few years ago, after I published a couple of op-eds in online media, I received harassing emails and phone calls. I didn’t bother to read the comment sections! Sadly, just about any woman or non-binary person with a public online presence can count on harassment. The emails I received were simultaneously sexist, racist, and fatphobic. I even got one message that engaged with the main point of my article in a positive way to lure me into reading to the end where the author buried a “You’re fat.”

I KNEW that terrible stuff happens online. But knowing it intellectually and coping with it are two different things. I try to be resilient, but the reality is there is only so much abuse a person can take. And, I have received a LOT of weight-based abuse over the course of my forty-years as a fat child and a fat adult. Opening myself up to online abuse is not something I really want to take on.

But that fear of weight-based (and gender-, race-, and sexuality-based) oppression isn’t limited to strangers on the open internet. Even in the semi-private space of my FaceBook feed, I find myself apprehensive about posting weight-related articles. A while ago I hid friends who routinely engage in diet talk online to help me with my own recovery from diet culture. But I know they are still there. I don’t like that this is true, but I do worry what they will say or think. However, this past year as I’ve been dealing with health challenges, and the results of decades of medical bias and neglect, I’ve started to care less and less. Something has got to change.

This kind of constant background worry and stress related to oppression is documented to be toxic to our health. We don’t even have to actually experience the bias to experience stress about the bias. The threat of bias is enough to raise our cortisol (stress hormone) levels.

So, posting this blog, though I am immensely excited about it, carries some social risk for me. Facing the possibility of weight bias from my friends and family is likely increasing my stress and contributing to mast cell activation in my body.

This is what it means to be a Fat Zebra. We deal with our illness. And on top of that, we must manage the way our illness is amplified by toxic stigmas that cut to the core of who we are and how we encounter the world. It’s bad enough to be sick. It is worse to be sick in a cultural environment that hates you for who you are.

It is not only fat stigma that has negative effects on health. Extensive research shows ways that other forms of oppression such as racism, heterosexism, cis-sexism, lead to elevated stress and poor long-term health. Fat Zebras with MCAS just show the effects of stress more immediately than non-zebras. As many in the EDS community like to say, we are just the proverbial canaries in the coal mine.

But if you are a Fat Zebra, there is an silver lining. Research suggests that the health impacts of oppression are magnified when we internalize (come to believe it to be true) bias against us. Folks who externalize bias, may not experience stigma-related health disparities to the same extent. So, work on learning to see how you might have internalized oppressions. Educating yourself is a great start. But, working with a good therapist can help too!